Public Policy and Decentralised Governance in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2960 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? Public Policy and Decentralized Governance Panchayat Raj Act and its relevance for democratic governance in rural India. Introduction:- In this term paper, I have been discussed the basic concept of Panchayat raj, democratic governance etc. To understanding the idea of panchayat raj, it is necessary to know the historical background of the panchayat system in India. The roots of the panchayat raj system are in the ancient religious text. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public Policy and Decentralised Governance in India" essay for you Create order The Britishers through enacting the various acts in this regard have institutionalized the panchayat raj system. Actual status has got to the panchayat raj system in India by the provisions of constitution. Initially the constitutional provision was obligatory on the states to form a panchayat raj system in the respective states. After 73rd amendment of the constitution it has became mandatory to establishment of the panchayat raj institutions in the respective states. The main aim of the creation of panchayat raj institutions was to participation of the people in the local governance and devolution of power. Basic Concept: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Panchayatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means assembly of five wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the village community. Traditionally these assemblies were settling the disputes between individuals and villages. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Panchayati Rajà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means the system of governance in which gram panchayat are the basic units of admini stration. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Democratic governanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means the system of administration, which runs through the elected representative and peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s participation in the process of governance. (A.K. Mishra, Naved Akhtar Sakshi Tarika, June, 2011) Historical background:- The concept of panchayat raj system is not new for India, its root in ancient Vedic texts. In Ashokaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s regime there were the Greek ambassador Megasthanises who has described about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"city councilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in patliputra, which consisted the six committees with 30 members. Similarly participatory structure were also existed in south India in the regime of Chola Kingdom i.e. village council and ward committees. The Britishers have formed the present structure of the panchayat institutions in 1688 through establishment of Municipal Corporation at Madras. The Britishers made changes in this system by time to time; they enact a Bengal Local Self Gove rnance Act in 1885. Then Morley-Minto reform came in 1909 and Montague Chelmsford reform in1919 through these reforms the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s participation in the process of governance has increased. (INDIA, 2007) Constitutional History:- Indian constitution is the document of the social contract which purposefully mend for the administration and the involvement of the people in the process of governance. Directive principles of state policy under article 40 part IV of the constitution of India provides the provision for establishment of the panchayat raj institutions but this provision was obligatory on the states before 73rd amendment in the constitution of India. Implementing the provision of article 40 of the constitution, Government of India had launched the program of community development in 1952. In 1956 second, five-year plan has recommended that interlinking the panchayat raj with higher-level institutions. For this purpose, Government had appointed a committee un der the headship of Balvantrai Mehta in 1957. Based on recommendation of the Mehta Committee various state legislatures had enacted the panchayat raj system in the territory of the state. (Alok, 2012-13) Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh took the first initiations towards the establishment of panchayat raj system in 1959. Thereafter other states and union territories had started to take a step in that regard. In 1969, the first Administrative Reforms Commission had recommended that the main executive body of the panchayat raj system should be in the place of district i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Zila Parishadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and not in the place of Block i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Panchayat Samitià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Government has formed a committee under the headship of Asoka Mehta in 1977, whose view on the concept of panchayat raj was like the democracy at national and state level. However, the numbers of various committees were established in the period of 1978 to 1986 for studying the different aspects of Panchayati raj institutions for strengthening them, but only minor suggestions came forward. Thereafter 64th and 65th constitutional amendment bill came in July 1989 by the government of Rajiv Gandhi. The basic purpose of this bill was to set up the panchayat raj system in every state. At last in 1992 after combining the above all committeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recommendations, Government drafted and produce the 73rd and 74th amendment bill in the parliament. This bill was passed in 1993 by adding new part IXA in the Constitution of India consisting with the article 243A to 243O. (INDIA, 2007) 73rd Amendment in the Constitution: The 73rd Amendment Act 1992 came into effect from the 24 April 1993. All states enacted legislation by 23 April 1994. The Panchayat previously were a mere suggestion in the Directive Principles of State Policy whereas the 73rd Amendment resulted in the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) being conferred constitutional sanction. Through this amen dment, government has inserted a part IX A with article 243A to 243O in the Constitution of India. By the provision of this amendment made mandatory to the every state for establishment of the panchayat at village level. This amendment made a provision for reservation of Scheduled Castes, tribes, and women representation in the Panchayat raj institutions. It made structural changes in local self-governance system by this amendment. (Alok, 2012-13) Although the political empowerment was not the main purpose of this amendment, but the devolution of powers and responsibilities upon panchayats at appropriate level. It means that the legislations empowered panchayats with powers and responsibility have a special and predominant status. The major focus was to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"empower them with certain functional mandates, give them a significant degree of autonomy and impart to them an element of self-reliance and self-sufficiency through fiscal transferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s taxation power s and tax assignmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Resultantly Panchayati Raj Act has been passed by the parliament in 1994.This Act proposes the three tire form of government. (i.e. District Panchayat, Mandal Panchayat and village Panchayat.) (Alok, 2012-13) After first decade, the 73rd Amendment saw very little change in the way that central and state departments dealt with Panchayat. In June 2004, the Government of India created a Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MOPR), to primarily overseen the implementation of Part IX of the Constitution. The gram sabha can be a powerful instrument of downward accountability, if it would be properly empowered and convened regularly. Gram sabha will have powers to approve plans, program, and projects before the Panchayat at the village level takes them up for implementation. (Alok, 2012-13) Provisions under Panchayati Raj Act 1994: (Zakir, March 2011) Gram Sabha shall consider the following matters and make recommendations and suggestions to the gram panchayat. The report in respect of the development programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of the Gram Panchayat relating to the preceding year and development program propose to be undertaken during the current year. Promotion of unity and harmony among all sections of the community in the village. Such other matter may be prescribed (sec. 4) President of Gram Panchayat. In absence of the President, the Vice President or any person selected by the majority of the Gram Panchayat Members. Convening of the gram Sabha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" -By the secretary of the gram panchayat with approval of the president and in consultation of the BDO. -The gram Sabha shall meet regularly but the period of three months shall not intervene between any two meetings. Publicity: wide publicity should have to give 15 day before the gram Sabha. Quorum:-One tenth of the total members or 100 numbers of voters of the village/villages whichever is less should be present. The Gram Sabha has formed to enable all individuals voter of the village to participate in decision making at local level. Though the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution gives a list of 29 activities, or functions, intended to be transferred to the local bodies, covers a broad spectrum of development activities ranging from activities in the social and economic sectors i.e. education, health, women and child development, social security, agriculture and non agricultural activities etc. Despite that, the important role play by local bodies in the democratic process and in meeting the basic requirements of the people, the financial resources generated by these bodies fall far short of their requirements. Because financial resources were insufficient with them, they were depend for the financial aid on the state government or centrally sponsored schemes. PESA Act, 1996:The 73rd Constitutional Amendment had excluded to the adivasi, tribal people; except for reservations and Schedu led Areas from the Act. However, through Article 243 M (4) it had kept open the possibility that Parliament may enact the provisions to these areas. Therefore the Rao Government set up the Bhuria Committee in 1994 to formulate a law for extending the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution to the Scheduled Areas and to suggest modifications in other Acts relevant to the Fifth Schedule in order to strengthen institutions of local self- government in the Fifth Schedule Areas. The recommendations of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Provision of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 came into effect from 24 December 1996. This act has given the special power to the gram sabha for protecting the socio economic culture of the tribal community and their participation in the process of governance. Democratic governance in rural India:- Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 70% population are living in the rural area. Since ancient period, there were the panchayat raj systems for local governance of villages. After Independence India have a Constitution for the administration of the whole nation. In that, there is a provision for the Local governance under article 40, which was obligatory to the state to make panchayat raj system in their territory. Moreover, some states had made an effort in that regard but that was only name shake, the actual powers were envisage on the state assembly. When 73rd amendment came, the enormous change has happened in respect of democratic nature of the panchayat raj system in India. The main aim of this act was to involve the people in the process of governance. To hold Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee, to prepare draft development plan for the district. Therefore, there is a notion that India has a largest democracy in the world. However, the rural development is broad and inclusive concept, which covers the socio, economic and political development of the rural areas. This strengthens the democratic structure of the panchayat raj institutions as well as improves the rural infrastructure, income of village households, education, health etc. (Zakir, March 2011) To removing the corruption at Gram Panchayat level, there is a law of investigation against Pradhans, Deputy Pradhans and the members. a) The complaint along with affidavit and relevant proofs can file to the district magistrate. b) The investigation of the complaint will have done by the district level officers only. c) A Charted Accountant will have to appoint for the completion of the accounts of Gram Panchayat. d) The audit of Gram Panchayats will do by the Chief Accountant. e) Gram Sabha can resituate the Pradhan by passing a no confidence resolution if there is any grave charge against the Pradhan. (A.K. M ishra, Naved Akhtar Sakshi Tarika, June, 2011) Responsibilities of the people:- (a) Coordinating the meetings Public should get the information regard the works and planning of Gram Panchayat and the usage of received funds. Public should elect the deserving candidate for different schemes. (b) Checking Cleanliness All the families should have to built and use the toilets. Toilets should have to build keeping in view the convenience of women and elders. The cleanliness of drains and surroundings should have to take care of (c) Security of Gram Panchayat Assets Public should check the illegal cutting of trees, illegal possession of land of Gram Sabha and maintenance of community buildings. (d) Increase Public Coordination Public should share hand in development and construction works, periodic cultural activities should promote. In the democracy, people are more responsible for governance of the panchayat. They have power to elect their representative a s well as to keep watch on the functions and the process of governance of panchayat. They can directly involve in the process of governance through gram sabha and ask the question to the members regarding the progress of the work of development of the village. Critics view on the Panchayat Raj system:- (Board, June 2013) Dogra (2009) commented the gram panchayat that pradhan assembles a few people whom he knows and passes that off, as a gram sabha meeting. This is not rare in the Indian village scenario dominated by discriminations and caste politics. In many villages, Gram Sabha members did not even know that they were present in any meeting and if so in what committee meetings those were anyway rarely held. Even today, Khap Panchayats are prevalent in Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and Parts of Rajasthan. The Khap Penchant imposes its writ through social boycotts and fines and in most cases end up either killing or forcing the victims to commit suicide. This is the big fa ilure of the Panchayat Raj Act in India. (Ahluwalia, Srividya Kaimal Manik) Panchayati Raj was indeed one of the most remarkable social and political reforms since independence. However, PRIs today face a number of daunting challenges. Across all states, there is a lack of genuine devolution of funds, functions and functionaries in Panchayati Raj. Added to that are social challenges that work against the emergence of leadership from marginalized sections of society, such as women, Dalità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and tribalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Further, there is a lack of role clarity among Gram Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats. The grass root democracy in India still suffers from three limitations- federal constraints, a resistant bureaucracy and local elite capture. (Menon) Vyasulu (2000) finds that State governments have devolved little finances and fiscal powers to the Panchayats. Instead, many have established à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"parallel bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ a s a channel for development funding. Self-help groups (SHGs) connected to the Janmabhoomi programme in Andhra Pradesh and the Rajiv Gandhi Watershed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Missionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Madhya Pradesh are two illustrations of this trend (Section 4). (Johnson) Panchayat Raj Act as a tool of the devolution of power:- This act provides the provision for Fund, function and functionaries, it means the devolution of power to the panchayat raj institutions. However, there are some criticisms on the implementation of this act but it has achieved a great success in the Indian democratic system. It provides an idea about democracy, which is at national level. This act enables people for the active participation in the democratic institutions. This act as a tool for the marginalized group of people, they got protection by this act. Similarly, this act provides a means/ tool for the central or state government to implement the policies through panchayat raj institutions. E.g. MGNR EGA, IAY etc CSS has implemented through Panchayat Raj Institutions. Apart from this, Panchayat raj institutions have all power to decide their own agenda of village development programme. People are more willing to participate in panchayat election rather than lok sabha or vidhan sabha election. (Banerjee, july 27, 2013) Conclusion:- On the above discussion, the conclusion can be drawn as the panchayat raj system is not new in India. It was rooted in ancient Indian text Vedas and puranas as well as it can be looked into the history of Ashoka. In the realm of British, there were systematic changes in this system. They made various Acts in this regard. The main problem with the panchayat raj system was Indian village panchayat became arbitrary, due to prevalence of caste system in India, in medieval period of Indian history. The father of constitution knew these facts; therefore, they did not given much importance on the establishment of the panchayat raj institution in India P rimarily. They made provision regarding this under part IV of article 40, which was not enforceable by law. When 73rd amendment came, through which it became mandatory to establishment of panchayat raj institutions. Important point of this act was it has given representation to SC, ST and women in the panchayat raj system. It was the major effect on the caste system, who were denied by the social ladder, they got chance to raise their voice and involve in the process of village governance. The main purpose of this act is to devolution of powers to local body. This act has given administrative power to the gram panchayat. The idea behind that to strengthening the democracy, because it involves people in the administration of village directly through the gram sabha. It increases the responsibility of the people towards the local governance. This act has penal sanction, if any one violets the provision of this act who will be liable for punishment. Finally, I would like to say th at, though there is no proper implementation of this act in each state because of rigid tradition and caste system but it has brought enormous changes in the Indian democracy. People became aware about their rights and they are becoming more conscious about constitution and constitutional institutions on which the whole democracy is dependent. Thus, I can say that through panchayat raj acts rural India becoming the democratic governance structure, which was absence in the medieval period even in the rule of Britishers. Bibliography A.K. Mishra, Naved Akhtar Sakshi Tarika. (June, 2011). ROLE OF THE PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS IN RURAL. Ahluwalia, Srividya Kaimal Manik. (n.d.). Alok, V. N. (2012-13). Strengthening of Panchayats in India:. New Delhi: The Indian Institute of Public Administration. Banerjee, R. (july 27, 2013). What Ails Panchayati Raj? Economic Political Weekly, 173-176. Board, E. A. (June 2013). Journal of Politics Governance. Journal of Politics Governance, 203-376. INDIA, G. O. (2007). SECOND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS COMMISSION. Johnson, C. (n.d.). Decentralisation in India:. Menon, S. V. (n.d.). Zakir, A. M. (March 2011). Strengthening Panchayati Raj. Guwahati: State Institute of Rural Development(SIRD).

Film Analysis Citizen Kane - 1768 Words

There are many reasons as to why Citizen Kane has been lauded as one of the best, if not the best, film of all time. Orson Welless Citizen Kane has had a lasting impact on cinema and continues to influence directors to this day. Visually striking, Citizen Kane helped to usher in a new era of cinema through its innovative techniques and use of mise-en-scene. From the films onset, it is evident that it is going to be a tale of woe. The film begins very ominously, much like a horror film, and immediately begins to compare the titular character to the doomed Kubla Khan in Samuel Taylor Coleridges eponymous poem. Even Kanes home, Xanadu, is named after Khans stately pleasure-dome, a wild, isolated fortress that holds everything that he acquired throughout his life, including the one thing that truly made him happy, Rosebud (Coleridge; Citizen Kane). It is evident that Welles draws much of his inspiration from German Expressionist films of the time, however, he manages to marry Expressionist style with a modern approach. Expressionism sought to transform reality through photography, lighting, artificial and stylized sets, and mise-en-scene. Additionally, the film also embraces the spirit of film noir, framing the films central narrative as an investigation into the meaning of Charles Foster Kanes last words. Although a series of investigators undertake the task of finding out who or what Rosebud was and what it meant to Kane, the characters in the film find thatShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : Citizen Kane Essay2071 Words   |  9 Pagescreate his debut film Citizen Kane, Orson Welles assembled a talented group of artists and technicians who together produced a film that redefined cinema forever. 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Reflective Essay on Writing Skills - 539 Words

I always thought that my writing skills were pretty good until I started this class. It has been thirteen years since I graduated high school and I quickly realized that I had a lot of â€Å"refreshing† to do as far as writing papers. I actually felt very discouraged when I took the grammar test and did not score very well. I knew that I had to dedicate myself and put a lot of effort into this class to really improve. The practice quizzes were a major help to refresh on everything I must have forgotten since high school. Being able to write a quality paper is a skill that everyone should master. Writing is such a major part of communication in this day and age so being able to write an intelligent paper will benefit you not just through school but also through life. Writing skills are a reflection of intelligence and I want to perfect my writing the best that I can. Being able to write a quality paper is a skill that everyone should master. 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Native American Culture - 781 Words

Native American Culture Have you ever wonder how the world was created from another culture’s perspective? Native Americans used creation myths to explained to their people how the world was developed overtime. Creation myths are a big part of the Native American culture. they have been passed down from generation to generation. In the creation myths, harmony with nature, rituals, and strong social values are shown in each myths. The purpose of having strong social value in these myths is to teach younger Native Americans valuable lesson if they ever do something bad. These myths reveals how the rituals were created and their intentions for doing it. Creation myths has harmony with nature in it to show a very close kinship between them†¦show more content†¦For example, I am grateful that nature is give me a chance to capture this deer (line 23-24). The hunter is thanking nature for giving him an opportunity to come across one of it’s finest creatures and letting him capture it. He wil l not ask nature for more. Another example of social value would be in the song, â€Å"Song of the Sky Loom†. The social value that is shown here is to show respect towards nature. An example would be, â€Å"That we may walk fittingly where birds sing, That we may walk fittingly where the grass is green† (Lines 8-9), It is telling human to show their respect to nature by living at peace with nature and put no harm to it due to its provision to the human race. Finally, the principal Native American belief, harmony with nature, appears in most works of their culture. Harmony with nature appear in the song, â€Å"Hunting Song† on line 23 to line 24: â€Å"...Quarry mine, blessed am i in the luck of the chase† (Lines 23-24). This quote shows that the Navajo hunter is blessed that nature is giving him permission to capture and eat one of it’s creature and being part of nature. Also, it made him feel as one with nature once eats the deer. Another example of harmony with nature would be in the song, â€Å"Song of the Sky Looms† on the opening lines of the Tewa song. An example of harmony with nature would be, â€Å" O mother the earth, O father the sky, your children we are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1-2). This song is more like aShow MoreRelatedThe Native American Culture Of Native Americans1335 Words   |  6 Pagesand music, and Native American is no exception. First, the native music related many aspects such as ritual , life and work. They like to combine music with dance, and the Native American music always created rich percussion instruments. For example, the hand drum, log drum, water drum and rattle, etc. Powwow is an important festival and ritual for the Native American, and it is a symbol for the tradition culture of Native Indians. Powwow, is a social gathering by the Native American tribes, and theyRead MoreNative American Culture And Culture Essay2065 Words   |  9 Pagescomprehend enough of their own culture identity? 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Powwow, is a social gathering by the Native American tribes, and theyRead MoreNative American Art And The American Culture1252 Words   |  6 PagesNative american culture is packed with many different things. In this paper I will be writing about what I researched and found about Native American art. Native American art is made up of many different forms and techniques. It plays an important role in what makes up native American culture and tradition, some of which is still around today,. In Native American’s daily life was simply not possible without the arts, there are many different types and forms, some common types include painting, basketRead MoreThe Culture and History of Native Americans763 Words   |  4 PagesNative American, or American Indians, have a rich culture comprised of struggle, strife and success. For this paper, i will discuss the Native American Culture and its history. History Spotted Tail, Lakota Sioux Chief stated: This war did not spring up on our land, this war was brought upon us by the children of the Great Father who came to take our land without a price, and who, in our land, do a great many evil things....This war has come from robbery from the stealing of our land. (LazarusRead MoreMusic Of Native American Culture879 Words   |  4 Pagesof Native American Culture. It is used in many different ways, such as expressing one’s feelings or through the use of self-expression. There are unique collection of instruments that are played in ceremonial events, recreation, and even through healing. Some of these instruments are drums, flutes, rattles, and other percussion instruments. The voice is also used quite a lot and may even be the most important one because it is the backbone of music made in Native American Cultures. Native AmericanRead MoreThe Native American Tribes Culture1440 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The Native American tribes’ culture has been affected as a result of the change in a climate whereby most of the refined foods are not consumed by the modern and the manufactured foods. The Native Americans of the American Indian, Alaska and the Bannock tribes face unique challenges whereby their native foods are no more due to the destruction of their cultural practices, and people have turned into taking the modern food (Marry, 2016). The climate change has led to the loss ofRead MoreNative American Cultures And Societies1367 Words   |  6 PagesNative American cultures and societies were without a doubt dynamic. Each society and their culture were comprised of various aspects including: creation stories, morals, beliefs and overall ways of living. Native Americans would base their beliefs on scientific, religious, or mythological studies. Unfortunately, with each society’s different style of living, it would lead to the demise of many tribes. External structural forces are circumstances that are beyond our control. It contains larger forcesRead MoreThe Between European American Culture And Native American Cultures1248 Words   |  5 PagesChocolate Thunder sang with her and turned the whole thing into a healing duet† (p. 100). The European American twist is the vibrating, phallic dildo. It is comically used as some sort of a â€Å"magic healing stick† that is part of Native American cu stoms. As a result, Chocolate Thunder, the sexual toy in question, is placed over the son’s crib once the son recovers. This playful European American theme is a key part of an intense Spokane Indian healing ritual that is seemingly as powerful as contemporaryRead MoreNative Americans And Western Culture2900 Words   |  12 PagesNative Americans have an intimate relationship with the Earth that is very unusual to western culture. For centuries before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans lived off the land in North America, without claiming ownership or creating massive environmental destruction. They have both a deep love and fear for the power of nature, and try to live as one with the environment. Because of this common value among tribes, Native Americans are often stereotyped as being the first environmentalists

Scarlett Letter Sin Essay Free Essays

The Different Shades of Sins An Irish Proverb states â€Å"All Sins cast long shadows. † Throughout the novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne viewed the sins as a spectrum of many colors. The novel revolves around Hester Prynne, who is convicted of adultery in colonial Salem by the Puritan society. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlett Letter Sin Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now For her punishment, she is condemned to wear the red scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest as a permanent sign of her sin. Exposing to sin and the temptation of its concealment in capricious degrees, Nathaniel Hawthorne demonstrated the different shades of sins through the actions of several main characters, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth. In the beginning of the book, we learn Hester Prynne committed the sin of adultery. Although meant to crush Hester’s spirit, she is proud of her sin and becomes a strong, tough minded character. While the author Hawthorne has Puritan heritage, he portrays Hester as one of the most â€Å"able† of people in Salem because she confessed her sin. While the religious and high ranking citizens of Salem continue to ridicule her for being and adulteress, â€Å"many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification† (168). The product of this sin was Hester’s daughter Pearl. Unlike the way of the Puritans, Hester creates â€Å"beauty, shining through the gorgeous robes† (87) of Pearl, and thus Pearl stands out in crowds. To Hester, her sin was marrying someone she did not love, Roger Chillingworth. In the eyes of Hester and Dimmesdale, they are not â€Å"the worst sinners in the world. There is one worse than even the polluted priest! That old man’s revenge has been blacker than my sin. He has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. Thou and I, Hester, never did so! † (225) Going against the heart is the greatest sin possible to Hester and Dimmesdale and their â€Å"sin† was between two people who truly loved each other. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is the father of Pearl and the one who committed the sin of adultery with Hester. As a man of high power in Salem, he does not confess the sin and the mental guilt would slowly kill him. Eventually, â€Å"his moral force was abased into more than childish weakness† (105) Through the ability Hester has shown and the miserable state of Dimmesdale, Hawthorne shows the power of confessing a sin. In an attempt to escape for their pasts, Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale plan to leave Salem. However, Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s legal husband, also catches a ride on the same boat. Returning to Salem, Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl go the scaffold, the place where Hester is originally condemned. In his dieing moments, Dimmesdale confesses his sin in front of the townspeople while also revealing a self inflicted â€Å"A† on his chest. Of all the sinners, Roger Chillingworth was the biggest. First, his sin of marrying a younger women and sending her over sees causes the adultery claim. When he arrives in Salem and learns of this, he commits his biggest sin†¦ violating the human heart. Rather than Hester’s adultery being her sin, Hawthorne goes against Puritan values by making violating the heart Hester’s true sin. At first, Chillingworth asks Hester to â€Å"speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer! † (56) When she refuses, Chillingworth becomes an evil man, becoming uglier by the day. This shows that an unconfessed sin will kill you. Eventually, he becomes aware of the adultery with Hester and becomes Dimmesdale’s â€Å"leech. † After Dimmesdale dies, Chillingworth dies because he has no reason to live anymore. Based on Puritan beliefs, sin is an inescapable aspect of life. Hawthorne shows that Dimmesdale and Chillingworth both die because of their hidden sin. Contrary to this Hester, who confessed, lives a long, happy life. Since sin is inescapable, the only way to make up for it is by confessing or else the sin swill shadow you forever. How to cite Scarlett Letter Sin Essay, Essay examples

Three assessment methods which promote a learner-centred free essay sample

Promoting a learner-centre approach for an assessment is a good way of in keeping with individual learning. Moreover it promotes independent study to a point, because it works hand in hand with the strengths and abilities of the student which gives them confidence in their ability so in that way they are motivated. This therefore is an open example of andragogy learning, which is self-directing and empowers to learn. It creates an impulse to self assess and self reflect, which is the best form of learning as it is active. Practical work assessment is normally classified under a learner-centred approach as it mainly involves the student’s activities and their own way of doing or expressing something. In this way, practical assessments (which can include lab work, problem solving, computer simulations or anything that can produce a material result example: baking a cake, singing a song) keep students ‘on task’ where there is minimal area to deviate or wander off subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Three assessment methods which promote a learner-centred or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Students are normally more excited about doing a practical exam as opposed to having to put pen to paper for a couple of hours so this gets their attention and creates a sense of urgency. It is also useful to have this kind of assessment method because it is easy to modify, to make room for those with a disability, to alter some steps for those with a different individual learning method. Having done a practical assessment promises a better interpretation of concepts learnt through practice, trial and error and consistency. The limitations include health and safety requirements and specifications, it is also quite time consuming to run and prepare, also, physical materials are needed such as a labs, computers, ovens, etc so this can only be done where and when opportunity is available. Portfolios, with carefully selected and justified collections of student’s work, are another form of assessment that could be learner-centred. Most of all, it is a good way of measuring progress and standard. Within this concept, students feel that need of working towards a goal and they can focus on the next topic or work being their best topic and so forth. Portfolios sometimes show merging of information or knowledge, showing what they have learnt in previous topics appears again in the current topic and carry itself forward. It does require a high level of responsibility from the student though, as it is quite demanding to be consistent and it is also time consuming for both the teacher and the student. Assignments are probably best to fit into this category as well. Assignments offer an opportunity to develop and extend an argument in which the student may be confident in writing about. This means that they can delve into details of a subject and not merely skim the surface and learn the basics. The only limitations is that is it is highly subjective, the topic is hardly exploring more than aspect and therefore only demanding the development of a certain event or argument. When assessing, the observer must make sure that they are making sure that the assessment delivers quality. They must make sure that they are carrying out their role according to standards and procedures set by higher awarding bodies. This is best dealt with by planning an assessment carefully. No planning can cause a disruptive and expensive, time-consuming mess and still fail to achieve what it was set out to do. It could also become the source of argument and disagreement with those of higher authority, so again, this comes back to ensuring quality. First of all, the plan should be built around the question, â€Å"WHAT is being assessed? † What does the student need to show, know or produce? And most importantly; to what standard and under what conditions? The assessment plan must also have a clear indication of the outcome. Taking a holistic approach means that you consider the person as a whole, not just a physical, which would mean you take into consideration mind, body and spirit, which gives the assessment more of a textured approach. This could suggest that the assessment encourages working the body, and stimulating the mind to get maximum results, knowing that the student has explored a diverse means of showcasing his knowledge. They may feel less intimidated and more inclined to show what they know as opposed to fearing being tested on what they do not know. Holistic planning could include planning around individual learning to assure that the assessment provided is best suited to the learner’s ability. This could be done by having the main goal of the assessment at hand and writing down different ways of assessing quality and capability. Holistic planning gives a fuller outcome after an assessment as it is planned on a ‘larger’ scale. It is sometimes evaluated by collecting evidence from the learner via multiple dimensions (coursework, observations, presentations, tests etc. ) then sum up the learners overall performance holistically with a single grade. There may be always risks present during an assessment setup tied to the assessor’s responsibility. First and foremost, it is the assessor’s responsibility to turn up for the assessment or assign an appropriate invigilator for the day, they should be clearly informed of the day and time beforehand. Reminders could be distributed, as an early confirmation to make sure everything will run smoothly. It is also important that the students turn up for the exam, that they will be fully informed of their assessment day and time, and their correct placement or running order within the assessment period is sorted and confirmed beforehand. This could be printed out and put on a notice board or handed to the students as a hand-out, or put on an online student portal. Assessors and invigilators must also make sure that there is no cheating going on during and exam and if there is, they should report it or give out warnings. The consequences of cheating must be made clear before the assessment starts. Invigilators and assessors must also be very aware of the individual assessment each student is taking, therefore handing them the correct paper, by taking extra care and completing checklists or having a visual plan to follow of who is to be assessed in what way or with which paper. There also may be a risk that the assessor may not have informed themselves with the updated version of the syllabus which risks the assessment being pointless and the students studying the wrong thing. Teachers checking on curriculum requirements regularly, even if it has been the same for a while, and signing up for newsletters from the board can avoid this. Assessors and invigilators must also take into consideration usual Health and Safety procedures making sure the fire exits are clear and accessible, that there is sufficient ventilation and hazards such as trailing wires are sorted out before students enter the room. Planning an assessment must include planning to avoid risks and having solutions ready just in case they occur.

Legacy Of Howard Exploring And Extending -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Legacy Of Howard Exploring And Extending? Answer: Introducation The paper mainly focuses on the communication diagnostic tools that are generally utilized in order to identify the personal capability of an individual. I have utilized some of the communication diagnostic tools in order to pre-assess the areas of my personal capability so that I can be able to improve it. The use of diagnostic tool not only improves my personal capability but also assists in enhancing communication effectiveness. Moreover, with the utilization of communication based diagnostic tool, I have improved my communication competencies through appropriate ability as well as knowledge so that I can have proper communicative behaviors. Findings of the tool I have utilized five communication diagnostic tools in order to analyze my communication style across various areas that include active listening, verbal communication, assertiveness perception as well as non-verbal communication. After diagnosing the communication style, I have analyzed the results and the findings of diagnosis are elaborated below: Talking therapy I have utilized the tool of talking therapy for diagnosing my communication style and have found I can easily talk about my thoughts as well as feelings and thus communicating about it generally helps me in working out of something that bothers me. The findings of the tool suggest that sometimes I feel shy about talking about my thoughts to my friends as well as relatives. In context to active listening, the results of the talking therapy suggests that I got interrupted quite easily while listening to others however I dont find any difficulty while communicating in verbal as well non-verbal ways. Strength cards On the other hand, I have identified that by utilizing strength cards I can be able to know about my skills, strengths, weaknesses, evaluation as well as critical writing. The finding of the tool suggests that one my greatest strength is that I can non-verbally communicate quite effectively however sometimes I found obstacles in communicating properly with unknown people. In context to active listening, I have analyzed that I face problem in communicating the same that I have heard as I got easily interrupted while listening. Moreover, assertiveness perception of mine is good. Assertive type questionnaire: I have used this tool in order to diagnosis my communication style. The findings of the tool suggest that presence of proper assertiveness skills is generally helping me in fulfilling my potential of reaching goals. The results suggests that due to assertive way of my verbal as well as non verbal communication I feel connected to others and can be able to resolve the issues as well as challenges that occur in my life. I communicate in a respectful ways towards others so that others do not get hurt due to the way of my communication. In addition to this, the findings of the tool suggests that I clearly state my feelings as well as opinions to other however sometime I face problem in communicating with unknown people for the first time. Moreover, the outcome reflects that due to the presence of assertiveness in me, I value myself, my emotional as well as spiritual requirement and I strongly advocate myself while being respectful to other when I generally communicate. Communication Style Questionnaire The utilization of communication style questionnaire helps in tracking the four basic areas of assertiveness that is present in me while solving standard and demanding communication situations. The findings of the tool generally suggests that I have the ability of standing at my decisions or opinions thus I am not get manipulated by others due to their style of communication. In addition to this, the results reflects that I also have the ability of giving proper feedback with appropriate art of developing as well as establishing proper social relations with people. The findings of the communication style questionnaire suggest that I can easily deal with other with the help of my communication style. The result reflects overall degree of assertiveness that is present in me and I consider it as one of my strengths. The tools showcase that I got interrupted easily while hearing to others and as a result I failed to understand the underlying concepts behind the point of others discussion which generally increases misconception and reduces understanding. Johari Window With the utilization of Johari Window tool, I have found that with the utilization of this tool, one can easily enhance the individuals perception on others. This tool generally helps in reflecting self arena, blind arena, hidden arena as well as unknown arena. In context to self arena, the results reflect that my attitude as well as behavior towards others is good which enhances the open arena and decreases my blind arena. I generally communicate with other through seeking feedback which further assists in reducing my blind arena. The finding suggests that I must feel free to express my feelings to others about my experiences as well as feelings. Moreover the findings of the tool showcases that in hide my qualities as well as capabilities from others and in order to resolve the problems that I face in context to my communication style, I need to select open communication method. Identification of two communication issues that requires development After analyzing the findings of the tools that are generally utilized in order to diagnose the communication style, I have identified that there are two key communication issues which needs development for making my communication style much more effective as well as improved. The issues that I have identified in context to my communication style are generally elaborated below: Problem in communicating with unknown people: The findings of the communication diagnostic tools suggest that I face lot of problem in communicating well with unknown people for the first time. When in communicate for the first time with strangers I feel little bit shy which obstructs me to speak that I want to tell. Due to this, I am not able to talk fluently with the strangers. I want to resolve this issue of mine by utilizing some technique so that I can fluently talk with strangers although its my first meeting with them. I want to improve this style of my communication so that I can be able to handle my problems quite easily. Not able to communicate properly if gets interrupted while hearing: I have analyzed from the findings of the tools that are generally used for diagnosing my communication style is that I can easily get interrupted while hearing to others and as result I face problem in communicating the same that I have heard from others. In spite of this, I have analyzed that when in I got interrupted during conversation with others then I face problem in understanding the opinions as well as thoughts that the other people is trying to convey and as a result due to lack of understanding, misconceptions arises and understanding between me and the people who is communicating decreases. Interruption while hearing may creates lot of problem and as result I want to resolve this issue of mine that I face so that I can communicate well based on what I have heard from others without problem. Reflection of two recent professional interactions In order to provide evidence and for supporting the need for personal communication development, I am reflecting on two recent professional interaction that I had been within the past few months. I am analyzing the interactions from the perspective of two main communication issues that generally requires development. The interactions are generally elaborated below: In the month of November, a friend of mine was ill and therefore she asked me to note down all the important points that will be discussed in the class. However, in the class I sit beside one of the guy who is quite talkative and I was interrupted in the entire session of my class and therefore I face difficulty in hearing that is being discussed in the class. When I met my friend, I am not able to communicate all the sections or important points that are being discussed in the class. I gave her the overview of the points but I failed to provide her the detailed information. This conversation with my friend reflects that I need to resolve the issue that I generally faces due to interruption while hearing. Recently, our college has arranged a brainstorming session for all the students of the college. I have also participated in the brainstorming session. However, while speaking before the unknown faces I feel confused and thus not being able to speak properly on the topic on which I was supposed to express my thoughts or opinion. This interaction of my mine suggests that I feel nervous while speaking before strangers and thus I want to resolve this issue of mine with the help of appropriate technique. I have analyzed that this communication issue of mine requires development in order to resolve it. Literature Review The recent two professional interactions suggest that the problem is in communicating with strangers and communicating back while getting interrupted during hearing. It is quite important to resolve both the communication issues in order to develop as well as improve communication style for communicating properly with other people. In order to resolve the communication issues, various concepts, key models as well as behavior related with communication are demonstrated that assists in acquiring both communication style as well as proper interpersonal skill that is generally needed in order to demonstrate the competence in different areas (Neuliep, 2017). The processes as well as strategies that need to be utilized for resolving the issues are generally elaborated below: Problem in communicating with unknown people Some people generally fears in communicating with strangers and this problem does not allow them to open up their thoughts as well as views in public before the people. However, it is stated by Price et al. (2015), that a great thing generally come out to them who generally wants to risk their rejection and wants to put themselves out there. Therefore, in order to resolve this issue, an empowering mindset is generally required for creating conversation with potentially anyone. There must always be the choice of talking in order to mitigate the fear that is present for communicating with strangers. According to Rosenberg and Chopra (2015), some people opened up and some people remain shutting down but in order to improve the communication style, one needs to interact with others by leaning the tone as well as body language that needs to be utilized by the individual while communicating with strangers. In order to open up and for mitigating the problem, one of the most important steps is to meet with more number of people for creating new opportunities in order to connect with more number of people (Tran, 2016). By utilizing this procedure, one does not remain connected with people but also remain happier as more number of opportunities arrived in order to network with others. It is opined by Jack and Schyns (2015) that people should not expect the outcome while communicating for the first time with the strangers. It is identified that there is a difference between the actual happening as well as perceived outcome and therefore the number of times people think about a worse case, the chances of making it much more increases. While talking or communicating in front of strangers it is very much necessary to avoid thinking what others will think Kourkouta Papathanasiou, 2014). In addition to this, one needs to allow an individual who wants to speak in public. In addition to this, it is very much important to initiate a conversation in order to reduce nervousness before speaking to people (Larson et al., 2014). Approaching someone at first for talking helps in providing confidence with which one can talk fluently before strangers (Lauring Klitmoller, 2015). The conversation that is created must be an open conversation where one can talk about their views as well as thoughts. It is identified that talking with more number of people helps in reducing the problem that people generally face when first approach for talking to the strangers. If they make themselves habituated with talking with anyone they can easily communicate without facing any difficulty which not only improves their power of communication but also helps in providing a positive reflection on the personality of that individual (McCroskey, 2015).Thus, in order to improve the communication style as well as for developing ones personality it is very much necessary to utilize appropriate concepts, key models as well as behavior related with communication which further assists in acquiring both communication style as well as proper interpersonal skill that is generally needed in order to demonstrate the competence in different areas (Patt Weber, 2014). Furthermore, building up confidence is also important in order to communicate effectively in public. Improvements of communication skills are als o necessary as it is considered as one of the key for developing proper social support as well as friendship among people (Savery, 2015). Proper communication skills with confidence does not hinder anyone to speak in public and thus one can effectively communicate in spite they are in the public without any fear. Not able to communicate properly if gets interrupted while hearing According to Neuliep (2017), many of the discussions are generally hindered by interruptions and as a result people who are involved within the discussion generally gets different views. As interruption while hearing creates lot of issues as well as challenges including misconception as well as lack of understanding among people which further creates conflicts. In order to promote effective communication it is quite important to resolve the issues that the person is facing due to interruption and the only way of doing is meditation. It is stated by Herbst et al., (2014) that mediators are generally provided with the summary back to the person in order to speak about the person so that the person can be able to make clarification about any type of misunderstandings that have occurred. It is identified that there are various types of views about summarizing the details that they have heard in order to resolve conflicts between people (Hovland Lumsdaine, 2017). The skills of summarizin g what is heard by an individual is considered as one of the important as well as essential skill that must be grown in order to make the style of communication much more effective as well as improved. It is very much necessary to utilize proper practice so that a listener can be able to listen while the speaker can speak without anxiety and as a result in this way they will need to fend off the interruptions. It also assists in increasing the quality of communication. It is opined by Berland and Berland (2017), that poor skills of listening generally results in ineffective communication which generally have an adverse effect on the productivity of the team, individuals as well as organization. The barriers of poor listening can be solved by adopting proper strategies as well as methods (Bradbury?Jones et al., 2014). It is identified that good conversational skills are assets with the help of which proper professional skills can be achieved. However people who talk more than necessary is considered as a hindrance therefore it is quite important for those people to avoid interrupting in useless talk. It is stated by (Dunn and Andrews (2015) that distraction while listening is considered as an important problem which can be resolved by maintaining an eye contact with the person in order to face the person while speaking. In order to resolve the problem of interruption during hearing, it is very much important to implement number of strategies that are elaborated below: Beware of interruption: It is stated by Galvin et al., (2015) that one needs to remain ware of interruption while discussing important topic with others. One needs to concentrate on the discussion by maintain an eye contact with the person with whom he is talking so that the chances of interruption gets lowered. Listen actively: It is very much necessary to listen actively to others while talking so that the chance of interruption or distraction gets reduced (Ghaferi and Dimick, 2015). While communicating with others it is very much necessary that people must remain aware about listening and for this it is quite necessary to get involved with as well as react with other persons statement which will be helpful in strengthening your understanding for making a better impression. Avoid negative questions: It is opined by Goetsch and Davis (2014) that asking a negative question between communications generally creates confusion so it is quite necessary to phrase the question positively that an individual wants to ask. Negative questions in the middle of discussion must be avoided so that the person who is hearing will get clearer idea of the communication. Be sensitive to technical knowledge: It is very much necessary to remain sensitive towards technical questions. If an individual is utilizing acronym then it is very much necessary to know the meaning of acronym before using it as same acronym have different meaning in context to IT (Hemsley Balandin, 2014). The conflict in views that arises due to interruption must be resolved and there are number of techniques that need to be adopted in order to resolve conflicts. The techniques are as follows: Identification of problem: Proper understanding must be made in order to understand both sides of the problem. The main goal of the initial stage is to identify the message that a person wants to convey and the message which is required by the other person (Jack Schyns, 2015). It is identified that it is quite important to listen actively in order to avoid blame. Come up with different possible solution: After identifying the problem it is quite necessary to list different ideas for solving the problem regardless of their feasibility. In this phase it is quite necessary to aim towards quantity irrespective of quality. Evaluate the alternate solutions: It is necessary to go through various lists of alternative solutions in order to analyze their pros as well as cons until the best solution for resolving conflict is identified (Larson et al., 2014). It is very much necessary for each person to be honest. Decide the best solution: After the evaluation of best solution, it is necessary to decide the best solution that seems quite acceptable. As long as the solution seems fair, there is a reason of mutual commitment for working with the decisions in order to resolve the conflict (Lauring Klitmller, 2015). Implement the solution: It is necessary to agree on the details in order to implement the solution effectively which help in resolving conflicts. Action plan The main objective of the action plan is to analyze various diagnostic tools which are related with communication style. The action plan generally includes development of various types of study materials, collection of materials for literature survey and collection of different secondary data from literature sources. The detailed action plan for the project as per the expected schedule is generally reflected with the help of the table below: References Bahadori, M., Shiri, A., Mahdizade, H. (2015). Ranking Feedback and Disclosure Mechanisms based on Johari Window Model in order to Enhance Organizational Communications. Berland, A., Berland, A. (2017). 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